Nepal, a Land of Gods, is synonymous with magnificence, boasting awe-inspiring architecture that captivates visitors from around the globe. The intricate artistry and breathtaking beauty of Nepal’s architectural wonders leave tourists in wonderment. The craftsmanship of the legendary Newars, the skilled Nepalese artisans, continues to shine through, contributing to the nation’s resplendence.
Often hailed as a land of contrasts, Nepal’s diverse architecture stands as a convergence of two great religions: Buddhism and Hinduism. The splendid artwork found throughout the country serves as a living testament to this fusion. Despite the devastating earthquake in 2015, Nepal has shown remarkable resilience, as evidenced by the exceptional talents and enduring quality of the Newars’ craftsmanship.
In the face of adversity, Nepal’s architectural heritage remains steadfast, attracting admirers with its timeless allure. From ancient temples to intricately designed palaces, Nepal’s architectural marvels stand tall, embodying the spirit of magnificence and resilience that defines this great nation.
Exploring the Diverse Architectural Styles of Ancient Nepal
The ancient architecture of Nepal showcases a rich tapestry of styles, encompassing three distinct categories. These architectural styles have played a significant role in shaping the country’s cultural heritage and continue to inspire awe among visitors and scholars alike. Let’s delve into the diverse architectural traditions that define ancient Nepal.
Newar Architecture
The Newar architectural style is renowned for its intricacy and finesse. Developed by the Newar community, skilled artisans, and craftsmen, this style flourished in the Kathmandu Valley. Newar architecture is characterized by its exquisite wood and brick craftsmanship, intricate carvings, and stunning pagoda-style temples. Iconic structures like the Pashupatinath Temple, Nyatapola Temple, and Kathmandu Durbar Square are prime examples of Newar architectural mastery.
Buddhist Architecture
Buddhist architecture holds a significant place in Nepal’s architectural landscape. Influenced by Indian and Tibetan styles, Buddhist monasteries and stupas feature prominently across the country. The Swayambhunath Stupa, Boudhanath Stupa, and Lumbini, the birthplace of Lord Buddha, are revered sites that showcase the essence of Buddhist architecture. These structures exhibit harmonious proportions, serene atmospheres, and intricate ornamentation, reflecting the spiritual values of Buddhism.
Hindu Architecture
Nepal’s architectural heritage also encompasses a vibrant tradition of Hindu architecture. Inspired by ancient Indian architectural principles, Hindu temples in Nepal showcase distinctive features such as towering spires (Shikharas), intricate stone carvings, and ornate entrances. The renowned temples of Pashupatinath, Changu Narayan, and Krishna Mandir exemplify the grandeur of Hindu architectural aesthetics. These temples serve as vital religious and cultural landmarks, attracting devotees and architectural enthusiasts alike.
The ancient architecture of Nepal, with its Newar, Buddhist, and Hindu styles, presents a captivating blend of artistic expression, religious devotion, and cultural symbolism. Each architectural style adds to the tapestry of Nepal’s architectural heritage, providing a glimpse into the country’s rich history and cultural identity.
The ancient architecture of Nepal can be broadly classified into three different styles-
The Pagoda Style
Pioneered by ancient Nepalese craftsmen, the distinctive style of pagoda architecture embarked on a remarkable journey, influencing distant lands like China and Tibet through the skilled hands of Nepalese artisans. This architectural style reigns supreme in the structures of ancient Nepalese shrines and temples, renowned for their multi-tiered roofs arranged in ascending order, supported by intricately carved wooden struts.
The pagoda style captivates with its ornate details, showcasing a harmonious blend of aesthetics and functionality. Its protruding windows feature latticed architecture, boasting an exquisite criss-cross pattern. Originally adorned with gold, brass, and bronze alloys, this architectural style is believed to have originated around the turn of the 13th century, leaving an indelible mark on the architectural heritage of Nepal and beyond.
The Stupa Style
Monuments in Nepal designed in this architectural style exhibit a distinctive hemispherical dome shape adorned with a pyramid-like structure atop a square base. Certain Stupa monuments showcase intricately carved Buddhist chants or theological scriptures, while others are constructed as sanctuaries to safeguard Buddha’s relics and those of his followers. This style, believed to have been introduced by Emperor Ashoka in Nepal, symbolizes the fundamental elements of Buddhism—Earth, water, fire, air, and space.
The Shikhara Style
The architectural prowess of ancient Nepalese architects is further exemplified by the Shikhara style. Derived from the Sanskrit term for “mountain peak,” the Shikhara-style monuments are characterized by their resemblance to majestic mountain peaks or pyramidal structures. These monuments or temples are embellished with elaborate and intricate artwork that adorns their exteriors, showcasing the skilled craftsmanship of the Nepalese artisans.
Marvels of Architecture of Nepal
The architectural wonders of Nepal, inspired by the aforementioned styles, include:
Pashupatinath Temple
Style of Architecture: Pagoda Style
The Backstory:
This sacred site in Kathmandu is revered as one of the city’s oldest Hindu temples, with its origins tracing back to the 5th century. However, it underwent significant renovations in the 13th century under the rule of Ananta Malla, a ruler of the Malla dynasty. Over time, it suffered damage but was reconstructed once again in the 17th century, showcasing remarkable craftsmanship and featuring an impressive array of 492 temples surrounding the main temple.
Architecture:
As one of the most sacred destinations for devotees of Lord Shiva, this temple boasts a distinctive architectural design. Its dual roof is adorned with a resplendent blend of gold and copper, while intricately carved wooden rafters provide essential support to the structure.
Situated on the banks of river Bagmati, the Pashupati temple complex is also one of the seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu Valley.
Kathmandu Durbar Square
Style of Architecture: Pagoda Style
The Backstory:
Durbar Square is a term used to describe plazas or areas near palaces, and Nepal has three such squares. Among them, the most renowned is the Kathmandu Durbar Square, also known as Hanuman Dhoka Square. In ancient times, this site served as the courtyard of the Royal Palace where kings were crowned. The construction of this quadrangle can be traced back to the Licchavi era, but it underwent numerous renovations during the rule of the Malla dynasty.
Architecture:
Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site, the Kathmandu Durbar Square encompasses a collection of ancient temples and museums. These structures feature multiple rooftops, a distinctive characteristic of Nepal’s pagoda-style architecture. The square stands as a testament to the rich cultural and architectural heritage of the region.
Patan Durbar Square
Style of Architecture: Pagoda Style
The Backstory:
In the Kathmandu Valley, another Durbar Square of great prominence is the Patan Durbar Square, which is renowned as one of Nepal’s most popular tourist attractions. While the exact origins of this square remain unknown, it is widely believed that the Malla rulers were responsible for significant transformations.
Architecture:
Patan Durbar Square boasts a rich architectural landscape, featuring approximately 130 courtyards called “Bahals” and 55 major temples. The square is divided into two distinct parts. The inner complex houses the ancient royal palaces, while the outer complex is adorned with numerous pagoda-shaped temples. These temples showcase intricate artwork and typically consist of more than two tiers of roofs. The exceptional craftsmanship displayed in the design and details of these temples stands as a testament to the remarkable talents of the Newar community.
UNESCO Recognised: The Patan Dubar Square was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979.
Bhaktapur Durbar Square
Style of Architecture: A combination of Pagoda and Shikhara styles.
The Backstory:
Bhaktapur Durbar Square, one of the three Durbar Squares in the Kathmandu Valley, is a remarkable representation of Nepal’s rich cultural heritage, particularly the Newari community. It stands as one of the most beautiful heritage sites in the country, having been constructed by King Bhupatindra Malla during the 17th century, a period of Malla rule.
Architecture:
Bhaktapur Durbar Square is composed of four interconnected squares: Durbar Square, Taumadhi Square, Dattatreya Square, and Pottery Square. The square is adorned with numerous temples, all characterized by their multiple roofs, showcasing the distinctive pagoda-style architecture of Nepal. Within the Durbar complex, you can find sculptures depicting ancient rulers and life-sized representations of animals with religious significance, placed on stone plinths. These artistic elements add to the cultural richness and historical significance of the site.
UNESCO Recognised: Within this UNESCO World Heritage Site, several prominent temples hold significant cultural and historical value. These include the Vatsala Temple, Bhairavnath Temple, Nyatapola Temple, and the Mini Pashupati Temple, among others. Each of these temples contributes to the architectural splendor and spiritual importance of the site, attracting visitors from around the world to admire their beauty and cultural significance.
Kasthamandap Temple
Style of Architecture: Pagoda Style
The Backstory:
The Kasthamandap Temple, situated in Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square, traces its origins back to the era of the Malla dynasty. Its name, which translates to “wood pavilion,” reflects the fascinating fact that the entire temple was constructed from a single tree. Originally serving as a “mandapa,” or ceremonial podium, it later underwent a transformation into a temple dedicated to Saint Gorakhnath.
According to ancient manuscripts, Saint Gorakhnath once disguised himself as a human and joined a chariot procession of Machhindranath. However, he was discovered by a tantric who cursed him with a lifetime of imprisonment. Eventually, an agreement was reached between the two, resulting in the growth of a sal tree by Gorakhnath. The wood from this tree was then used by the tantric to construct the temple.
Architecture:
Referred to as “Maru Satal,” the Kasthamandap Temple dedicated to Saint Gorakhnath possesses a distinctive and peculiar nature. Instead of a traditional idol, the temple features the representation of Saint Gorakhnath through his footprints. This unique architectural element adds to the religious and cultural significance of the temple, making it a significant attraction within the Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square.
Changu Narayan Temple
Style of Architecture: Pagoda Style
The Backstory:
The journey to the Changu Narayan Temple involves ascending several steps through the charming Nepalese village of Narayan. The origins of this Hindu temple can be traced back to the 4th century AD, as indicated by an inscription on a garuda column within the temple. The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, who is worshipped as “Narayana,” the creator of a new age.
Architecture:
Changu Narayan Temple stands as one of Nepal’s oldest temples and features a captivating architectural style. The entire temple complex is adorned with vibrant and intricately carved wooden sculptures. The temple itself has a dual roof and sits atop a raised platform, offering a commanding presence. It boasts four entrances, known as “Dwars,” which are guarded by life-sized sculptures of lions and garudas. The struts supporting the temple’s roofs showcase engravings depicting various incarnations of Lord Vishnu.
UNESCO Recognized: Changu Narayan Temple holds the prestigious status of being a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Despite its significance, the temple attracts relatively few tourists, allowing the serene atmosphere of Narayana Village to be preserved and maintained.
Boudhanath Stupa
Style of Architecture: Stupa Style
The Backstory:
This Stupa holds a significant place as one of the most revered Buddhist shrines in Nepal, drawing followers from various religions, particularly Buddhism. With a history spanning over 1500 years, it carries immense spiritual importance. According to legend, the Stupa was constructed by Songtsen Gampo, a Tibetan King, as an act of penance after unintentionally causing his father’s death.
Architecture:
Rising to a height of approximately 118 feet, this Stupa stands as one of Nepal’s seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It features a grand white hemispherical dome crowned with a golden pinnacle. Remarkably, eyes are painted on all sides of the dome, symbolizing a watchful presence. Every element of this architectural marvel holds deep significance.
Architectural Symbols:
The pinnacle of the Stupa represents Mount Sumera, which is regarded as the spiritual center of the universe and the abode of gods. The gilded canopy signifies the element of air, while the thirteen steps symbolize the path to enlightenment, also known as “Bodhi.” The eyes painted on the central tower depict the all-knowing nature of Lord Buddha. Just below the eyes, the painted nose symbolizes unity and the singular path to spiritual enlightenment. The hemispherical dome represents the vastness of the universe, while the two circular plinths supporting it symbolize water, a vital element. Each symbol within the Stupa carries deep spiritual meaning, adding to its profound significance.
Namobuddha Stupa
Style of Architecture: Stupa Style
The Backstory:
Namobuddha Stupa holds immense reverence as one of the holiest pilgrimage sites for Buddhists worldwide. According to legend, it is believed to be the place where Lord Buddha, in a previous incarnation as a prince, selflessly offered his body to a starving tigress and her cubs. This act of compassion has led to the site being sometimes referred to as “Takmo Lu Jin,” meaning “Tigress Body Generosity” in Tibetan. Pilgrims hold the belief that the stupa was constructed atop the remains of Lord Buddha to commemorate his remarkable sacrifice.
Architecture and Symbols:
The Namobuddha Stupa features a pinnacle at its summit and a hemispherical dome, albeit smaller in scale compared to other stupas. Additionally, there are five smaller stupas accompanying the main one, symbolizing the five elements of Buddhism: air, water, fire, earth, and space. Each stupa represents a specific element and holds spiritual significance within the Buddhist tradition. The overall architectural design and arrangement of the stupas create a sacred space for devotees to pay homage and reflect on the noble act of selflessness exemplified by Lord Buddha at this hallowed site.
Swayambhunath Stupa
Style of Architecture: Stupa Style
The Backstory:
Regarded as a profoundly sacred destination for Buddhist pilgrims, the Swayambhunath Stupa stands as a remarkable architectural wonder in Nepal. Its name, Swayambhunath, translates to “self-made.” Situated in the Kathmandu valley, reaching the pinnacle of this stupa requires ascending 365 stairs, a testament to the devotion of dedicated pilgrims. According to a popular legend, the Kathmandu Valley was once a vast lake that sprouted a lotus. As the water receded, the lotus transformed into the revered Swayambhunath stupa.
Architecture and Symbols:
Frequently referred to as the “Monkey Temple,” the Swayambhunath Stupa boasts a white hemispherical dome, symbolizing the earth. The spire of the stupa comprises 13 tiers, representing the different stages one must progress through on the path to spiritual enlightenment or Nirvana. Each tier holds profound significance in the spiritual journey. Notably, the stupa features three eyes painted on each side, commonly known as the “all-seeing eyes.” These eyes symbolize the omnipresence of Lord Buddha, while the third eye signifies wisdom and insight. The distinctive nose, resembling a curly question mark, serves as a symbol of unity.
The architectural elements of the Swayambhunath Stupa, coupled with its rich symbolism, create a sacred space for reflection, prayer, and spiritual contemplation, making it an awe-inspiring destination for both pilgrims and visitors alike.
Krishna Mandir
Style of Architecture: Shikhara Style
The Backstory:
The Krishna Mandir, a testament to the splendid Shikhara style architecture of Nepal, was commissioned by King Siddhinarsingha Malla during the reign of the Malla dynasty. According to legend, the inspiration for building this temple came from the king in a dream, where he saw Lord Krishna standing before his palace. In response to this divine vision, the king resolved to construct a Krishna temple on the very spot. Each year, during August and September, the temple hosts Krishna Jayanta, a festive celebration honoring the birth of Lord Krishna.
Architecture and Symbols:
The Krishna Mandir is a magnificent example of architectural prowess, showcasing 21 meticulously crafted pinnacles adorned with exquisite artwork. These intricately designed pinnacles showcase the remarkable skill and craftsmanship of ancient Nepalese artisans. The temple structure consists of three floors beneath the spires, with each floor dedicated to housing three distinct deities: Lord Shiva, Lord Krishna, and Lord Lokeshwar. This arrangement emphasizes the harmonious coexistence of different aspects of divinity within the temple.
The Krishna Mandir stands as a testament to the devotion and artistic brilliance of its builders. Its architectural splendor and the divine symbolism embodied within its structure continue to captivate visitors and serve as a place of worship, honoring Lord Krishna and promoting spiritual reflection.
Immerse yourself in the awe-inspiring architecture of Nepal and embark on a journey of cultural discovery. Experience the rich heritage and intricate craftsmanship of ancient temples, stupas, and palaces that have stood the test of time. From the majestic pagoda-style structures to the captivating shikhara temples, Nepal’s architectural marvels await your exploration.
